Venous hypertension is high blood pressure in the veins, often in the legs. It is commonly caused by venous insufficiency, where veins can't return blood to the heart. Spider veins, varicose veins, ...

Venous leg ulcers constitute a significant clinical and socioeconomic challenge globally. Typically arising from chronic venous insufficiency, these ulcers not only impose a heavy burden on health ...

The human circulatory system shares several fundamental principles with closed-loop fluid transport systems commonly used in industrial applications. In both cases, a pump generates the driving force ...