If a fault occurs with any of the series LEDs or its wiring, an open load condition can be created. In this situation, the voltage across the current sense resistor drops to zero. The control circuit ...

Faults such as opens, shorts, or mismatches can be precisely located along the length of a cable by using a time-domain reflectometer. This device launches a rectangular pulse ...

Those were simulated under six scenarios, one of regular operation and five faulty, namely line-to-line fault, arc fault, partial shading condition, open circuit fault, and degradation fault.