Ibuprofen (Advil) is widely used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), but research reveals its toxicity to mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles essential for cellular function. Studies indicate that ibuprofen disrupts the inner mitochondrial membrane, collapses membrane potential, and induces mitochondrial permeability transition, leading to apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, ibuprofen impairs proteasomal function, causing the accumulation of misfolded proteins an